(1) Computer :- An electronic machine that performs operations on data and produces results.
(2) Data :- Numbers, letters, symbols or pictures, information, information, records, etc.
(3) User :- A person working on a computer means a person operating a computer.
(4) instructions :- Instructions given to the computer, following which the computer performs actions.
(5) Operation :- The actions given by the computer are referred to as "operations".
(6) Program :- A set or set of computer instructions written in a programming language.
(7) Programmer :- The person who wrote the program.
(8) Anti-Virus :- Programs that detect and destroy computer viruses and repair data and files affected by them.
(9) Computer System :- Computer Hardware + Software + User + Data + Manual, Guideline, Method of use.
(10) Input data :- Data given to the computer.
(11) Output data :- Data received after data processing.
(12) Information :- Useful and important output data, essential information and information.
(13) Data Processing :- The process of performing various operations on data (mathematical and comparative) by a computer.
(14) Hardware :- Machinery parts and tactile devices of a computer system.
(15) Hardware Engineer :- A person who solves computer hardware problems.
(16) Software :- A group of many interconnected computer programs that help in performing an action.
(17) Software Engineer :- A person who designs, develops and improves software.
(18) IPO Cycle :- Input-processing output cycle, the computer works by following this cycle.First takes the input data, then processes it and finally gives the output.
(19) Data Storage :- Data and programs are stored in one place in a computer.That space is called data storage or memory.
(20) Devices :- Devices or electronic machines that can be connected to a computer such as input output e.g. keyboard, printer, monitor, mouse etc.,
(21) Input Devices :- A device that receives some kind of data from the user and transmits it to the computer. Such as keyboard, mouse, lightpan, scanner etc.
(22) Output Devices :- A device that takes output data from a computer and transmits it to the user.
(23) Computer :- An electronic machine that performs operations on data and produces results.
(24) Data :- Numbers, letters, symbols or pictures, information, information, records, etc.
(25) User :- A person working on a computer means a person operating a computer.
(26) instructions :- Instructions given to the computer, following which the computer performs actions.
(27) Operation :- The actions given by the computer are referred to as "operations".
(28) Program :- A set or set of computer instructions written in a programming language.
(29) Programmer :- The person who wrote the program.
(30) Computer various :- Computer programs that, if in any way, can destroy the stored data as soon as they are input into the computer, can destroy the programs, can damage the memory.
(31) Anti-Virus :- Programs that detect and destroy computer viruses and repair data and files affected by them.
(32) Computer System :- Computer Hardware + Software + User + Data + Manual, Guideline, Method of use.
(33) Input data :- Data given to the computer.
(34) Output data :- Data received after data processing.
(35) Information :- Useful and important output data, essential information and information.
(36) Data Processing :- The process of performing various operations on data (mathematical and comparative) by a computer.
(37) Hardware :- Machinery parts and tactile devices of a computer system.
(38) Hardware Engineer :- A person who solves computer hardware problems.
(39) Software :- A group of many interconnected computer programs that help in performing an action.
(40) Software Engineer :- A person who designs, develops and improves software.
(41) IPO Cycle :- Input-processing output cycle, the computer works by following this cycle.First takes the input data, then processes it and finally gives the output.
(42) Data Storage :- Data and programs are stored in one place in a computer.That space is called data storage or memory.
(43) Devices :- Devices or electronic machines that can be connected to a computer such as input output e.g. keyboard, printer, monitor, mouse etc.
(44) Input Devices :- A device that receives some kind of data from the user and transmits it to the computer. Such as keyboard, mouse, lightpan, scanner etc.
(45) Output Devices :- A device that takes output data from a computer and transmits it to the user.For example, monitor, printer, monitor, speaker etc.
(46) Storage Devices :- Devices in which data can be stored. eg hard disk, floppyDiscs, CDs, magnetic tapes, etc.
(47) Input Unit :- The part of a computer system that takes input. Of this unit It also includes input equipment.
(48) Output Unit :- The part of a computer system that transmits output data to the user.This part contains all the output devices connected to the computer.
(49) C.P.U :- Central Processing Unit or CPU. The part of a computer system that performs the task of processing Also called mind.
(50) Storage Unit :- The part of a computer system that stores data. all under this part Comes with storage equipment.
(51) Memory :- The data storage unit itself is called memory.
(52) Bus :- Wire of communication wires that transmit data signals inside the computer A group bus consists of several parallel fine wires that separate the data into different parts transmits in the middle.
(53) Processor :- 'Processor' means the one who processes the data. CPU itself is called processor.
(54) Microprocessor :- Very small processor size, which is a small (5 mm square or more) small) is made on the chip.
(55) A.L.U :- Part of the CPU that performs mathematical and logical operations.
(56) C.U :- Control Unit, the part of the CPU that runs on the computer and controls each activity.
(57) Primary Memory :- The memory in which currently active data and programs are kept. It is also called main memory. It is low in storage capacity, fast in speed and temporary. For example, RAM.
(58) Key-Board :- Input device that looks like a typewriter. by pressing the key on it Computer To Input• Data can be given. on this we can type data is stored in the computer's memory.
(59) Key-Pad :- A keyboard that has a smaller number of 'keys' than usual.
(60) Scanning :- The process of picking up data from the input media is called scanning.
(61) Image Scanner :- an input device that scans data (pictures, letters, etc.) printed or drawn on paper Inputs into computer.
(62) Scan Card :- Such a circuit board which is very necessary to be installed in that computer so that The scanner is connected, otherwise the scanner will not work.
(63) Bar-code :- A technique for writing information in which data is written as a set of several parallel straight vertical lines. This code is called Universal Product Code.
(64) Web Camera :- It is a device like a video camera, which captures the scene in front of it.Inputs the computer.
(65) Bar-Code Reader :- A device that scans the barcode and provides it to the computer.
(66) Voice Recognizer System :- The computer equipped with this system receives and follows the instructions given orally by the user.
(67) Mouse :- A type of pointing device that can rapidly move the cursor, set it at a position, and control the command menu and icons displayed on the screen and can implement.
(68) Click :- Pressing the push button on the top of the mouse once is called 'click'.
(69) Double Click :- Double Click Click twice as fast.
(70) Unit of Computer :- It is the main part of the computer system, it is like a box, the main circuit board (motherboard) of the computer is in this part on which the CPU, memory and Other important circuits remain engaged.
(71) Joy Stick :- A kind of pointing device. It performs the task of operating computer games.
(72) Light Pen :- A type of pointing device by which an image can be drawn on a computer screen, the image created by it is consumed as computer input.
(73) Touch Screen :- A computer screen on which commands displayed can be executed by touching the finger.
(74) Hardcopy :- Printing hardcopy done by printer on rough physical media such as paper it occurs.
(75) Softcopy :- Data that you can only see on a computer screen.
(76) Output Media :- A physical medium over which output devices can transfer data, such as paper, magnetic tape, microfilm, etc.
(77) Printer :- An output device that prints the output data on paper
(78) Computerized Bill :- Bills which are generated and printed by computer.
(79) Printing Head :- The part of a printer that is used to print on paper.
(80) Impact Printer :- Such printers whose printing head and the printing paper in the printer have some kind of gap There is some kind of physical contact.
(81) Non Impact Printer :- Such printers whose printing head and the printing paper installed in the printer are attached to the printer.
(82) Character or Serial Printer :- Character or serial printers that print only one character at a time.
(83) Line Printer :- There is no physical contact between them. Printers that print a complete line on paper at a time.
(84) Drum Printer :- A type of line printer in which characters are raised on top of a drum. It prints solid font characters, also known as barrel printer.
(85) Chain Printer :- A chain printer is a type of impact line printer in which characters are drawn on top of a chain. It prints characters in solid font.
(86) Dot Matrix Printer :- A type of impact character printer that prints characters as a compact, ordered set of many small dots. It is capable of printing graphics and characters of any texture and size.
(87) Daisy Wheel Printer :- A type of impact character printer, the structure of whose printing head is like that of a daisy flower. It can only print characters on the printing hand, cannot print any graphics and other types of characters.
(88) Thermal Printer :- A type of non impact printer. Printing is done on a special type of paper affected by heat by heating the thermal fibers on its printing head. It can print both graphics and characters. It prints the data in a group of condensed dots.
(89) Inkjet Printer :- A type of non-impact printer, whose printing, which has several nozzles (inkjets) filled with ink on the printing head, by producing vibrations, droplets of ink come out of them and fall on the paper in front, so that the data is printed on the paper .
(90) Laser Printer :- A type of non-impact printer, in which printing is done using laser rays. In terms of technical, printing speed and printing quality, it is the best printer which prints data in solid form.
(91) Plotter :- It is an output device for printing high quality graphics. It can create graphics images on sheets of paper, plastic, cloth or other types of metal.
(92) Visual Display Unit :- It is also called computer screen, on this you can see soft copy of data like this.For example, watching pictures, movies etc. on TV.
(93) C.R.T :- A computer made of cathode-ray tubes (CRTs), also known as picture tubes.
(94) CRT-Screen :- Made of cathode-ray tubes (CRTs),screen called monitor.
(95) L.C.D Screen :- LCD Screen A computer screen made of liquid crystal display technology. This is used with portable computer.
(96) Non Graphics Monitor :- . A monitor on which data written only in letters can be displayed.
(97) Graphics Monitor :- Graphics Monitor A monitor on which both character and graphics data can be displayed.
(98) Video Card :- Special circuit boards made for VDUs, which need to be connected to the motherboard, are required to function properly. Some of the major video cards are CGA, EGA, VGA.
(99) RGB Monitor :- A color monitor in which the three main colors red, green and Blue (Red, Green, Blue) are used.
(100) Audio Response System :- Such a computer system that responds to human instructions i.e. output by speaking (Audio), for this a device like speaker is attached to the computer.
(101) Secondary Memory :- Memory where currently unused data, programs, software, etc., are stored. It is high in data storage capacity, low in speed and stable. Floppies, hard disks, magnetic tapes, compact discs (CDs) are all secondary memory devices.
(102) Binary Bit :- The binary digits '0' and '' are called binary bits. They are used to represent the digital form of the data. '0' indicates the low state of the signal while '1' indicates high.
(103) Memory Cell :- The smallest part of memory. A memory cell can store a single bit. Several memory cells together make up the memory.
(104) 1 Byte :- The smallest unit of measurement for a group/data of 8 bits.
(105) 1 Kilobyte (KB) :- 1024 bytes.
(106) 1 megabyte (MB) :- 1024 kilobytes.
(107) 1 gigabyte (GB) :- 1024 megabytes.
(108) 1 Terabyte :- 1024 gigabytes.
(109) Digital Computer :- Computers that store data by converting it into a digital or binary signal and process.
(110) Analog Computer :- Computers that store and process data by converting it into analog signals. They are used to measure physical quantities, such as time, temperature, weight, length, current, voltage, blood pressure, etc.
(111) Hybrid Computer :- Computers that convert data into digital signals and analog signals can do processing.
(112) Micro Computer :- A type of digital computer which is mainly made for general use. Microprocessor is used in these. These are single user systems whose processing capacity, data storage capacity and speed are less than other types of digital computers. Microcomputers are the best selling and used computers.
(113) Desktop Computer :- Desktop Computers are computers that can be run only by keeping one place. to run them Power supply is provided. These cannot be easily transferred.
(114) Portable Computer :- Portable Computers: Computers that can be carried and operated while traveling. Personal Computer Laptop Computers are light in weight, small in size and battery operated. They can be driven anywhere.
(115) Personal Computer :- A type of desktop microcomputer used by a single user.
(116) Laptop :- A type of portable microcomputer that can be easily used by a user can be carried from place to place.
(117) Pocket Pc :- Such a small portable microcomputer that can also be kept in the pocket.
(118) Hand Held Computer or Palm Pc :- Such a small portable computer that comes complete in the palm.
(119) Mini Computer :- Minicomputers are a type of digital computer that are more powerful than a microcomputer but less powerful than a mainframe computer. These are multiuser systems. They are large in size, heavy in weight, expensive and fast in speed and work for about ten users simultaneously.
(120) Mainframe Computer :- Mainframe Computer These are a type of digital computer which is more powerful than a mini computer but less powerful than a super computer. These are multiuser and multiprocessor systems. Which has the capacity of hundreds of microcomputers and works with about 100 users simultaneously.
(121) Super Computer :- Supercomputer is the most powerful digital computer that can perform hundreds of billions of complex operations in a second. They are very expensive (of crores of rupees). They are used in special fields like atomic, nuclear science, space science, meteorology etc. And about thousands of users work together.
(122) Multiuser System :- Multiuser System A computer system on which more than one user can work in parallel at a time. Such a computer consists of a central processing unit and several terminals.
(123) Terminal :- A terminal consists of a monitor, a keyboard and a mouse. (apart from this There may also be other input-output devices such as microphones, speakers, etc.) The terminal is connected by a cable to a central processing unit. Through a terminal, the user can receive services from the multiprocessing system.
(124)Single User System :- . A system on which only one user can work at a time.
(125) multiprocessor :- A computer system that has more than one processor (Multi) in its central processing unit and all processors are completely independent and do separate processing. The capacity of such a computer is many times more than a normal computer.
(126) Multiprogramming System :- Systems in which more than one program is running simultaneously. ie Multi are being processed.
(127) System Software :- Such software is computer hardware centric. They prepare the computer to start work, control and operate the computer.
(128) Application Software :- Such software is user centric. These are designed keeping in mind the requirements of an individual / sector / institution / job.
(129) Operation Software :- The most important system software that performs the task of controlling the computer and makes the computer work according to the commands given by the user. Its Examples are DOS, Windows, Unix, Sun (SUN), etc.
(130) Service or Utility Program :- Programs that provide additional facilities to the computer and the user. Which helps the user in using the computer and in processing the computer. This Systems are software programs.
(131) Word Processor :- An application software that provides facilities for writing tasks, such as writing letters, creating resumes, reports, etc. Prominent examples of this are Pagemaker, MS Word, Word Star, etc.
(132) Spreadsheet :- Application software that provides facilities for doing accountancy related work. This type of software includes MS Excel, Lotus 1 2-3, etc.
(133) Database Management System :- Application software that provides facilities to organize records in a tabular format (DBMS) in a computer. The major examples of this type of software are DBASE, (Foxpro), (MS Excell), etc.
(134) graphics software :- Software that presents data and information through graphics i.e. pictures, such as charts, graphs, bar-charts, pie charts, slides, etc.
(135) Computer Generation :- Such a time interval of the development of the computer, in which some inventions and developments took place which were not done in the earlier time interval, the development of computer has been divided into five generations.
(136) Mechanical Computer :- A computer in which all parts are mechanical.
(137) Electronic Computer :- A computer in which some or all of its parts are powered by electricity or a battery.
(138) Mark-I :- The world's first electro-mechanical automatic calculator was created by a scientist named Aiken in 1944. Its next versions were the Mark-II and Mark-III.
(139) Vacuum Tube Computer :- Computers whose circuits are made of vacuum bulbs. These were the earliest electronic computers, which were very heavy and very complex, they were used in the first generation computers.
(140) Colossus :- The world's first electronic computer, which was secretly prepared by the British government for military use during World War II.
(141) ENIAC :- The world's first public electronic computer, which was built in 1946 AD by scientists named J. Prepper Eckert and John McLee. Its full name was 'Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer'. It was 100 feet long, 10 feet high, 30 tons weighing 18000 vacuum bulbs and a 140 kW power computer.
(142) EDVAC :- In 1951, an electronic computer was prepared, whose full name was 'Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer'. The concept of 'store program' was introduced for the first time in this computer.
(143) UNIVAC :- The world's first commercial computer was built in 1952, in which memory was created for the first time from mercury delay lines. His full name was 'Universal 'Automatic Computer'.
(144) Von Neumann Machine :- Logical design of computer prepared by a scientist named John von Neumann Which had five parts - (1) Storage (2) Arithmetic Logic Unit (3) Program Control Unit (4) Input Unit (5) Output Unit Modern digital computers are based on this logic design).
(145) IBM :- 'International Business Machine Corporation', a computer manufacturing company established in the year 1911, is today the number-1 company in the computer manufacturing industry. It can be used for personal computers, portable computers, mini computers, input/output devices, etc.
(146) Assembly language :- assembly language manufactures A computer programming language in which programming is much easier than machine language. In this simple English words like ADD, OR, MOVE, PACK are used, their codes are called pneumonic signs.
(147) Machine Language :- Machine Language: In this language, the code is written using only two binary digits '0' and '1'. Therefore It is also called binary language, this language was used in the first generation.
(148) Transistor :- A type of semiconductor device, which is used for building circuits in a computer. They are very small in size and reliable, it was used in the second generation.
(149) PDP-1 :- The world's first mini computer with 4K memory of 18-bit words and instructions The cycle time was only 5 microseconds. It used CRT screen for the first time went.
(150) High Level Languages :- Programming languages that follow general rules and can be written using words from an understandable language, such as English. These have been developed keeping in mind the convenience of the user. Eg- C. C++, COBOL,Developed keeping convenience in mind. Like C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, BHASIC, ALGOL, LISP, JAVA, etc.
(151) Integrated Circuit :- Very small size (a few mm square) chip made of silicon metal, on which millions of transistors, diode-like devices can be installed. Thousands of circuits on one integrated circuit can be created. It is also called 'chip' and IC.
(152) Intel Corporation :- World's No. 1 Microprocessor Chip Manufacturing Company. The microprocessors made by it are 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium-1, Pentium-11, Pentium-III, Pentium-IV.
(153) Microsoft :- The number-1 company of the software industry, which was founded by Bill Gates in 1982, the software made by this company is very popular. Like- MS DOS, WINDOWS, MS-OFFICE, MS-STUDEO, VISUAL BASIC VISUAL C++, EXCEL, ACCESS, WORD, etc.
(154) Bill Gates :- Bill Gates is one of the richest people in the world to date. Who created the 'BASIC' language and founded the Microsoft company, revolutionized the software industry by the software made by it.
(155) MSI :- 'Medium Scale Integration' is a technique in which a From 100 to 10000 transistors can be installed on the chip.
(156) SSI :- 'Small Scale Integration' is a technique under which a Less than 100 transistors can be installed on a chip.
(157) LSI :- 'Large Scale Integration' Such a technique under which more than 10,000 and less than 100,000 transistors can be installed on a chip.
(158) VLSI :- . 'Very Large Scale Integration' Such a technique under which more than 100,000 transistors can be installed on a single chip.
(159)CUI :- 'Command User Interface' is such an interface in which the user types commands and gives them to the computer. Like- MS-DOS, UNIX, etc. are CUI operating systems.
(160) GUI :- 'Graphical User Interface' is such an interface in which the user transmits commands by selecting the commands displayed on the computer screen or the painted icons made by the pointing device, such as WINDOWS, Apple Macintosh, GUI operating system.
(161) Microprocessor :- Processor made on a small VLSI chip which is very small, it is installed in the microcomputer.
(162) ALU :- The abbreviation for 'Arithmetic Logic Unit' is. It is a part of the CPU that performs simple mathematical, logic and shift operations.
(163) CU :- Abbreviation for 'control unit'. It is a part of the CPU that operates and controls each and every activity going on in the computer.
(164)Internal Memory of CPU :- Inside the CPU are some fast-accessible, but low-storage (1 to 32-bit) memory cells, called registers, which represent the CPU's memory capacity. There are internal memory.
(165) Register :- The 'registers' are part of the internal memory of the CPU. A CPU has a number of registers that provide it with data storage space during processing. The data storage capacity of a register is not high (from 1-bit to 30-bit). These are faster data storage systems than RAM.
(166) General Purpose Register :- GPRs are registers of common use in the CPU, which are processed by the CPU.are used for temporary data storage. Size of a GPR There is only 8 vit.
(167) Input Register :- Any data received from the input device first enters the input register. Its size is 9 bits.
(168) Output Register :- Whenever any data is stored in the output register, then the output from there The device goes to (Output Register). This is also a 9 bit register.
(169) Memory Buffer Register (MBR) :- Data read/written from main memory is first brought into MBR. MBR 16-bit (Memory Buffer Register) register.
(170) Memory Address Register (MAR) :- The memory address of the data item or instruction brought from main memory to MBR or going from MBR to main memory is stored in MAR. MAR 12-bit is register.
(171) Instruction Register (IR) :- The operation code portion of the instruction stored in the MBR is stored in the IR. It is a 4-bit register.
(172) Shift Register :- A shift register can shift data bits within a register or from one register to another.
(173) Accumulator :- This register is used to temporarily store the secondary short term results obtained during the calculations. It is a 16-bit register.
(174) Data Bus :- The lines on a bus that transmit data bits are collectively called the 'data bus'.
(175) Address Bus :- Lines on a bus that represent a data item to be read/written Memory addresses are transmitted, collectively called the address bus.
(176) Control Bus :- Such lines of a bus, which transmit control signals, are collectively called a control bus. Data bus, control bus, address bus are all three lines of the same bus.
(177) Bus Width :- The total number of parallel communication lines (wires) in a bus (Bus Width) determines its bus width. If the bus has lines it is called an n bit bus, where the bus width will be n bits.
(178) Data Rate :- The number of bits transmitted per second by a data bus is its data rate or data transfer rate. It is measured in bits per second or byte per second (BPS).
(179) MIPS :- 'Million of Instructions Per Second' is abbreviated as MIPS.
(180) System unit :- The large box on the computer to which all 1/0 devices are connected via ONLY. The CPU, internal drives, main memory, bus motherboard, etc. go inside the system unit.
(181) PCB :- The printed circuit board consists of several chip sets, circuits, buses, etc., which are connected to each other. Motherboard, expansion card, etc. are made of PCB.
(182) Motherboard :- The main circuit board of the computer, on which the microprocessor chip, RAM, ROM, cache chip, auxiliary chip set, etc. are mounted and connected to each other. It is the main platform of the computer on which all its circuits are interconnected let's install.
(183) Daughter Board :- The other auxiliary circuit boards connected to the main circuit board of the computer 'motherboard' are called 'daughter boards'.
(184) On-board or In-built Chip :- The chip mounted directly above the motherboard is called on-board or in-built. For example, microprocessor chip, BIOS chip, etc.
(185) Plug and Play :- The card can be easily inserted or removed on its connector.. PCI Slot, USB port are just such 'plug and play' connectors.
(186) System Bus :- The bus that connects CPU to main memory and cache memory is called system bus. The system bus connecting the CPU to the cache memory is called the 'back side' system bus which is the bus with the fastest speed (1 to 2 Gbit/sec). The system bus connecting the CPU to the main memory is called the 'front side' system bus. Whose speed is between 500 to 800 Minute / sec.
(187) Power Supply System :- Such a part in a computer that receives AC from an external source and converts it into DC of a value (12V) usable by the computer and distributes it to the electronic parts of the computer.
(188) Surge Protector :- A 'surge' protector is a device that protects electronic devices from interference with electric current, such as a sudden rise or fall in value, etc.
(189) UPS :- UPS in short 'Uninterruptible Power Supply' It is a device that continuously provides a fixed value of electric current to the computer without any interference.
(190) Window :- In a GUI environment, a window is a medium on the screen through which Exchange of input/output data/instructions/messages with user software does.
(191) Icon :- An icon in a GUI is an object, such as a file, folder, location, program, fa-st (Window) A graphical representation of a document, etc. is a symbol. The object can be accessed by clicking on the icon of an object.
(192) Menu :- Commands/commands in GUI are listed in a list as icons or names. This list is called a menu. Each command listed in a menu is called an item or option in that menu.
(193) Dialogue Box :- A special type of window, which receives input from the user and also presents different types of information to him.
(194) Message Box :- A special type of dialog box that allows the user to display some kind of transmits the message. Like- 'Work in Progress'.
(195) Desktop :- The basic screen of an operating system that surrounds the entire computer screen after it is run. All the work being done by the OS is done on this desktop. It has a 'background' wallpaper, below which the taskbar is made. The taskbar displays the system time, date, icons of certain programs and the Start menu, etc. On the background, you can arrange the icons of the objects you want, such as files, programs, etc.
(196) Control Panel :- Control Panel is a program through which you can set the hardware and software resources of the computer according to your own. Such as installing/uninstalling software in the system, configuring hardware devices,Setting time, date, calendar, etc., setting font of letters etc.
(197) Control Panel :- Control Panel is a program through which you can set the hardware and software resources of the computer according to your own. Such as installing/uninstalling software in the system, configuring hardware devices,Setting time, date, calendar, etc., setting font of letters etc.
(198) Accessories :- This program is a set of some commonly used features of Windows OS. Through this, the user gets calculator, calendar, computer game, notepad character map, clock, cardfile (for making visiting card), paintbrush (for drawing pictures), etc.
(199) Window Explorer :- Window Explorer It is a major program of Windows OS, its window contains disk / folder files.Trees are arranged in a structure. In the window of this program, the user is on the computer Can view and access the status of all disk drives, the files, programs, etc. stored in them. With this program window, new files, folders, etc. can be created, files can also be deleted or transferred.
(200) Decimal Number System :- The most common number of expressions used to express numerical data system, which you also use in your daily life. There are total 10 digits (0 to 9) in this system, its base is ten. From which any large decimal number, such as 5642, 5278, 112, etc. can be made.
(201) Decimal Number :- The basic numbers of the decimal numeral system are called decimal numbers. total 10 decimals Numbers are - 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
(202) Binary Number System :- The most popular numeral system for expressing statistical data in computer language, which is used in digital computers. In this system there are only two binary digits '0' and '1', which are also called 'binary bit'. In this system any digit or number is expressed in series of many binary digits. Its base is 2. Like- 110010, 11.001, etc.
(203) Octal Number System :- numeral system for expressing numbers in computer language, which is used Used in early computers, this numeral system consists of eight digits (0 to 7) making an octal number from these digits. to decimal number octal digit There are special rules for representing octal numbers in octal numbers.
(204) Octal Number :- The basic numbers of the octal numeral system are called octal numbers. These are 8 in number. 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 These numbers are completely different from the decimal numbers (0 to 7). Its base is 8. There is a similarity in the symbol of octal number and decimal number but not in value.
(205) Hexadecimal Number :- A numeral system for expressing numbers in computer language, which is used to store statistical data in digital computers. There are total 16 digits in this number system. Its base is 16. Any hexadecimal number is made from these digits. Decimal numbers can be made hexadecimal by special rules.
(206) Hexadecimal Number :- The basic digits of the hexadecimal numeral system are called hexadecimal numbers, they are 16 in the number. They are represented by the following symbols 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F First 10 hexadecimal digits (0 to 9) represented by simple digit symbol There are. And the subsequent 6 digits are represented by alphabet (A to F).
(207) Alphanumeric Number System :- The hexadecimal numeral system itself is referred to as the 'alphanumeric' numeral system because its numbers are represented by both numeral and alphabetic symbols.
(208) Computer Code :- Methods based on which normal characters (0 to 9), (A to Z), (8 to 2) special characters like = +, &; @, % (.), etc. are converted to binary form. Some of the major computer code schemes are BCD code, EBCDIC code, and ASCII code.
(209) BCD Code :- ." 'Binary Coded Decimal Code' This is a 6-bit code that converts a character into 6-bits.It can represent up to 2*=64 characters in binary. To make a single word or number binary, the BCD code converts each of its characters into a group of 6 binary bits, its first 2 out of 6 Bit is zone-bit. A= 110001
(210) Encoding :- The process of converting the original data into binary form is called 'encoding'. It is also called binary coding.
(211) Decoding :- The process of converting binary data to its original form is called decoding.
(212) Zone :- The maximum number of characters that can be encoded in any computer code scheme is Divided into different groups, these groups are called zones.
(213) Zone-Bit :- Each zone has its own zone bit to represent. All characters in a zone have the same zone-bit. Zone-bit of different zones differs.
(214) ECDIC Code :- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code This is an 8-bit code with the initial four bits being the zone-bit. It converts at most 256 different characters relative to their 8 Binary can be converted into a group of bits. A = 11000001.
(215) ASCII Code :- 'American Standard Code for Information Interchange' It is of two types - (1) 7-bit ASCII code, (2) 8-bit ASCII code. The 7-bit ASCII code can encode up to 128 different captures. Its initial 3 bits are the zone-bit. A=100 0001 8-bit ASCII code can encode up to 256 different characters. Its initial four bits are the zone-bit. A=10100001
(216)Logical Statement :- A statement that can be classified as 'true' or 'false'.
(217) 'Tooth values':- Both possible values of an object of two values are called 'tooth values'.eg- (T, F) (0.1)
(218) Logical Variable :- A logical object or logical statement whose logical constant can change over time. called a logical variable. It is represented by the English alphabet X, Y, Z……A, B, C………. Eg-X: The sun rises from the east.
(219) Logical Operator :- Operators that act on intellectual variables. AND (^). OR (v), NOT,(-) XOR, (v) there are four logical operators.
(220) Boolean Variable :- Variables that accept the value '0' or '1' and nothing else These are called a, b, c.........x. y. Z, etc. are denoted by alphabets.
(221) Boolean Operator :- Operators that operate on Boolean variables. AND (.), OR (+). NOT (') There are three Boolean operators. If a, b are boolean variables then,
(1) x = 0 then x' = 1
(2) x =y=1 then x.y=1 otherwise x y=0
(3) x =y=0 then x+y=0 otherwise x+y=y
(222) Boolean Expression :- Adding Boolean variables using the Boolean operator gives a Boolean expression. The value of a Boolean expression is also 1 or 0.
(223) Boolean Function :- The Boolean function is formed by combining a Boolean expression and a symbol. boolean function = boolean expression
F=(a+b).(a+b')
The value of a Boolean function is found by solving a Boolean expression. that
is '1' or '0'.
(224) Truth Table :- it is said. Tabular representation of a Boolean function or expression The 'tooth table' table allows the function's tooth values to be found very easily relative to all possible tooth values of the function's Boolean variables.
(225) Boolean algebra :- . Boolean algebra is a mathematical system of two sets A, B where,
set A= (0,1)
set B= [AND (.), OR (+)]
The A, B sets of Boolean algebra obey certain rules called 'principles of Boolean algebra'.
(226) Switching Algebra :- Boolean algebra is also called switching algebra. Because a complex switching circuit can be represented by Boolean expressions and can be Relatively simple switching circuit made by simplifying the principles of Boolean algebra can go.
(227) Boolean algebra Law :- There are six basic principles of Boolean algebra.
If a, b, ce A = (0.1) then
(1) (Closure) a+b€A, ab€A
(2) Commutative a+b=b+aa.b=b.a
(3) Associative+(b+c)=(a+b+c=a+b+ca.(b.c)= ( a.b.cmab.c
(4) Distributive + (b.c)=(a+b).(a+c) a. (b+c)=(a.b)+(a.c)
(5) Identity
(i) a+0=o+a=a
a+1=1=a=1
(ii)a.0=0.a=0
a.1=1.a=a
(6) Inverse a+a'=a'+a=1a.a'=a'.a=0
(228) Idempotent Law :- Idempotent Law According to this rule if
a € A= (0.1} then
a+a=a, a.a=a
(229) Absorption Law :- According to this rule if
a,b€ A= (0, 1} then
a+a.b=a, a.(a+b)=a
(230) De-Morgan's Law :- According to this rule if
a,b€ A= (0, 1} then
(i) (a+b)'=a'b'
(ii) (a.b)'=a'+b'
(231) Literal :- The variable present in a Boolean expression, whether it is in normal form or in complement form, is called literal.
(232) Term :- Such a part of a Boolean expression is formed by adding one or more literals to the 'AND' or 'OR' operator. All the literals of a term are interconnected by the same type of operator. An expression is formed when one or more terms are added.
F=xyz+xy
(233) Minterm :- A term in which each variable of the function must be present only once and all variables are interconnected by the operator 'AND' (.).
F(x,yz) = (x.y.z) + (x'.y'z')
(234) Maxterm :- A term in which each variable of the function must be present only once And all variables are associated with 'OR' operator.
F(x,yz) = (x+y+z) (x'+'+z')
(235) P-O-S Form :- Product-of-Sum format (Sum-Of-Product). A format in which the variables in each term of a Boolean expression are linked by the 'OR' (+) operator and all the terms of the expression are interconnected by the 'AND' operator. Example
F (x,y,z) =x.y+x.z+x.y.z
(236) S-O-P Form :- Sum-of-product format. A format in which the variables in each term of a Boolean expression are linked by the 'AND' operator and all the terms of the expression are interconnected by the 'OR' (.) operator. Example
F (x.y.z)=(x+y).(y+z).(z'+x')
(237) Canonical Form :- An expression of the S-O-P format in which each term is a minterm and an expression in the P-O-S format whose each term is a maxterm is called an expression of the correct form. There are two types of formal format
(1) Mintermo S-O-P format
(2) Maxtermo's P-O-S format
F(a,b,c) = (abc)+a'.b'.c'+a.b.c
F(a,b,c) = (a+b+c) (a'+b'+c'
(238) Standard format :- form which is either S-O-P or P-O-S, but the minute of its term Or it is not necessary to have maxterm.
F(a,b)=a+ab
F(xy) = (a+b).a'
(239) Logic Circuit :- Such electronic circuits whose input and output signals are binary (having the value of 0,1) i.e. digital. These are also called digital circuits.
(240) Truth Table :- A table used to represent all possible Boolean values of a Boolean equation is called a tooth table.
(241) Logic Gate :- Basic logic circuits are called logic gates. Each logic gate performs some logic operation. One or more logic gates together form a logic circuit. Logic gates are as follows- 'AND', 'OR', 'NOT', 'NOR', 'NAND', and XOR'.
(242) Universal Gate :- Only such gates, using which any complex to complex circuit can be made, are called universal gates. 'NAND' and 'NOR' are such universal gates.
(243) Adder :- The logic circuit of the CPU that performs the task of adding two binary numbers. The output of this circuit is the sum of two binary numbers.
(244) Subtractor :- CPU logic circuit that performs subtraction on binary numbers Huh. The output of this circuit is the difference of two binary numbers.
(245) BIOS (Basic I/O System) :- BIOS is abbreviated as 'Basic Input Output System' It is an important program of the operating system that controls the operation and operation of input/output and storage devices.
(246) Linux :- Linux is a new version of the Unix operating system. It can be accessed through the internet for free. Whereas Linux was created in 1991 by scientist Linus Torvalds at Helensky University. Its main part is kernal.
(247) Kernal :- The part of the operating system that resides between the hardware and the shell. In this part, the main boot loader program of the OS, control program and necessary internal command stores are kept. The security management, distribution of resources and program execution done by the operating system are done by this part.
(248) Shell :- This part of the operating system provides the user interface to the external environment. Through this part the user can run external commands. This part is in the layer between the kernel and the user.
(249) Linux command set :- Linux is a character user interface or command line interface operating system, in which instructions have to be written for each task. Key instructions is dir, mkdir, rmdir, cp, cd, more, cat, pwd, man, date, cal, clear, logout etc.
(250) System Booting :- Booting the system is the process of loading the operating system and other necessary internal commands into the RAM after the power supply is issued to the computer and preparing the computer to accept the commands given by the user.
(251) Multiprogramming :- Multiprogramming is the process of executing more than one program at a time by the computer, but at a time the CPU handles only one process or operation, that is, only one operation is running at a time. The rest remain in a waiting state.
(252) Multitasking :- Task refers to an operation or process or job. In multiprogramming, CPU executes only one process of more than one running program at a time whereas in multitasking system by CPU scheduling method CPU can work on more than one process at the same time.
(253) On-line processing :- The process of reading/writing data directly on I/O devices by CPU is called on-line processing, such as reading data from keyboard, writing data to laser printer to do, etc.
(254) Of-line processing :- Off-line processing is the process of reading/writing data through some medium rather than directly reading/writing data on 1/0 devices by the CPU, eg-. Data read/write by buffer and spooling technology.
(255) Algorithm :- A technique for planning a program in which the program outline is written as a sequence of several sentences. Any common language like Hindi, English, German etc. can be used to write the algorithm.
(256) Pseudo Code :- It is also a technique for preparing program plans. In which the plan is in written form like the algorithm, but unlike it, the pseudo code is relatively simple, concise and easy to write. It would have been closer to a computer programming language.
(257) If then-else logic :- This is the 'SELECT' argument, which contains any condition, such as {(A>B), (N Not Equal to 10), etc. } to choose one of two or more possible routes.
if condition is true then
Diagram of If then-else
If the condition is true, the control of the program will go to set 1, otherwise (Else) will go to set 2.
(258) Do-while logic :- It is a structure that is used to repeat a given set of instructions over and over again. is done for. do[ instructions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...] While N less 20 the instructions will be executed repeatedly as long as N is smaller than 20.
(259) Flow chart :- It is a graphical technique for preparing program plans. It has different symbols for each specific function, such as taking data input, printing data, processing, condition, start, stop, etc. These arrays are linked together by arrows (which indicate the direction of the program's control). The instruction is written inside the symbol. The symbols for flowcharts are very simple, such as circle, rectangle, square, cylindrical shape, etc.
(260) Information Technology :- Every technology related to organizing information and information comes under information technology. Every work related to information is a part of this. For example, information gathering, processing, presentation, management, transmission, storage, etc.
(261) IT :- The abbreviation of 'Information Technology' / The field of Information Technology is called 'IT'. Its main and central resource is 'Computer'.
(262) Data Processing Tool :- The abbreviation of 'Information Technology' / The field of Information Technology is called 'IT'. Its main and central resource is 'Computer'. software that enables computerized information processing, Data processing tools are called. Tool means a tool by which work can be done. Some of the main commonly used data processing tools are word processors, spreadsheets, DBMS, graphics software, etc.
(263) Word Processor :- A type of data processing tool is called text, that is, writing tasks.Provides facilities for doing things in a computerized manner, such as writing letters, preparing documents, writing books, drawing pictures, preparing invitation letters, visiting cards, etc.
(264) On-line help :- Some of the main word processor software is MS-Word, Word Star, Word Perfect, PC-Write, etc. This is such a feature that comes with every GUI software, which commands are there in the software, how to use them, which command does what work, if there is any problem at the time of work then how to fix it, There is information about things etc.
(265) Spread Sheet :- A type of data processing tool, which is designed to perform account related tasks and clerical tasks (E) in a computerized manner. By this, especially statistical data can be organized efficiently and can be used with different types of formulas (mathematical) operations . Spade sheet software are MX EXCEL Lotus 1-2-3, multiplan, supercalc 5.
(266) Database :- A set of data that contains related data items as records stay organized. Each institution/office, etc. has one or more databases in which all its information is stored.
(267) Centralized Database :- When the entire database is stored in one place or medium such as a computer, Such a database is called a central database. accessing that database Each user accesses it from a central institution.
(268) Distributed Database :- A database that is divided into many parts and stored at different locations (servers) and is interconnected in such a way that the user does not know whether the database is central or partitioned, is called distributed database. For example, the database of the www system on the Internet.
(269) DBMS :- Database Management System in short DBMS is such a data processing tool that oversees all the activities related to the arrangement and access of the database and provides such facilities that these activities can be completed with full efficiency and efficiency.
(270) Record :- A row of a file in a database in which the information of an object (person/company/thing etc.) is organized. - like (03) is a record.
| 01 | Saral | 03 | ABC | ... |
|---|
(271) Office Automation :- Office automation is a technique by which many office activities can be completed electronically, such as computerized writing tasks, computerized transmission of letter documents and data storage etc. The main applications that come under Office Automation are Word Processors, DBMS, Spreadsheet Computer Network, Multiuser System, Internet, E-mail, Audio-Video Conference, Fax Machine, Notebook, Laptop Computer, etc.
(272) E-commerce :- E-commerce is an application in which business and related activities are done electronically through computer network 'Internet' rather than in the traditional way. In e-commerce, the seller presents information, order form, etc., on the Internet website, which the customer sees and fills the order form after liking the item. In this, the transaction of funds between the seller and the customer is also done through Electronic Money Transfer (EFTS). The goods are delivered to the customer's home. In e-commerce, display of goods, advertising, buying and selling, bargaining, transactions, auctions, etc., are done through the Internet.
(273) Business Hub :- Business Hub is a special type of business related website that plays the role of a business center for a particular area or in public, which provides new business opportunities to the merchants, helps them to find new partners, business partners. Provides business related news. Links of business companies of the region are given in the business hub. Business Hub is a platform available on the Internet where individuals and companies associated with the business of a particular area establish contact with each other and discover new business opportunities.
(274) Artificial Intelligence :- 'Artificial Intelligence' is a field of information technology where computers are made artificially intelligent A.I. Computers are developed in the field that can perform tasks that require human thinking, such as talking, writing, reading, playing chess, expressing ideas, consulting, making decisions, creating new designs, understanding human language, etc.
(275) Robotics :- Robotics is a branch of A1 where such automatic machines are developed that can act like humans. These machines are called robots. Robots are machines used for many tasks controlled by programs that perform those tasks that humans used to do before, such as driving vehicles etc., doing various tasks in their manufacturing process such as painting, welding, etc., testing them, etc. Nowadays robots have also been developed to perform tasks like surgery.
(276) Telecommunication :- Telecommunication is such a system in which any kind of information and information can be transmitted from one place to another through some medium of communication, such as telegram, letter system, telephone system etc.
(277) Data Communication :- When data is transmitted by computer, this process is called data communication. it is said. Data communication is a co-sector or part of telecommunication itself.
(278) Data Communication System :- An arrangement in which data can travel from one end to the other and be received by it. The main parts of a data transmission system are transmitters, receivers,be accepted. The main parts of the data transmission system are transmitter, receiver and communication medium. NOS, Protocol, Modem, Topology are also auxiliary components.
(279) transmitter or broadcaster :- The part of a data transmission system that transmits data is called a transmitter. And It is also called sender.
(280) Receiver :- The part of the data communication system that receives the data is called the receiver.
(281) Communication Media :- The part of a data transmission system that transmits data, i.e. transmitter From the receiver to the receiver is called a communication medium, they are also called communication lines, such as telephone lines, coaxial only, etc.
(282) Baud :- The rate of transmitting data of a communication line is measured in baud, it is also called bit per second or BPS for short.
One bond = 1 BPS
(283) Narrow Band Line :- Narrow means 'narrow' or 'thin'. of this type of communication line Bandwidth is very less. Therefore, their data transmission rate is also very low (45 to 300 baud).
(284) Voice band line :- Their bandwidth is more than narrow band line. Therefore, their data transmission rate is also very high. (9600 baud or even higher). The telephone line is one such line.
(285) Band line :- Wide means width. These types of communication lines have the widest bandwidth. Therefore, their data transmission speed is also very high (1 million or more bps).
(286) Simplex Transmission :- This type of transmission can happen in only one direction (from transmission to receiver) i.e. the transmission part will always remain the transmission. It cannot receive data from any other transmitter.(X -> Y)
(287) Half Duplex Transmission :- In this type of transmission process, transmission can take place in both directions. (X -> Y), (X -> Y), but only in one direction at a time.
(288) Full Duplex Transmission :- In this type of transmission, it is possible to transmit data in both directions at the same time. The transmitter can transmit and receive data at the same time. (X <=> Y)
(289) Asynchronous Transmission :- In this type of transmission process, the transmitter and receiver are not synchronized, that is, the receiver does not have any prior information regarding transmission, such as when, how, in how much time, at what speed will the transmission be completed?
(290) Synchronous Transmission :- In this type of transmission, the transmitter and receiver work in sync with each other and through a clock system, that is, when, how, in which world, in what time will the transmission be completed. All this is predetermined and all these things are known to both the transmitter and the receiver.
(291) Analog Transmission :- The data signals being transmitted in this type of transmission are analog. like Transmission by telephone line.
(292) Digital Transmission :- The data signals being transmitted in this type of transmission are digital i.e. binary.
(293) Parallel Transmission :- In this type of transmission, several data bits are transmitted in parallel. For this, such a communication medium is used in which there are many parallel communication lines.
(294) Serial transmission :- In this type of transmission, the data bits are transmitted one after the other as a series.
(295) Multiplexer :- A 'multiplexer' is a device with the help of which a communication line can be divided into several Sharing is done between transmitters/receivers in such a way that it appears to each transmitter/receiver that the communication line is dedicated to them only.
(296) Multiplexing :- simultaneous transmission of data received from different transmitters by a multiplexer to be released in such a way that they are transmitted separately from each other,The process of multiplexing is called.
(297) Bandwidth Division Multiplexer :- In this type of multiplexing technique, many narrow bands are created by dividing the total bandwidth of a wide bandwidth line into several parts. Each narrow band line is dedicated to a transmitter.
(298) Time Division Multiplexer :- Time Division Multiplexing, in this multiplexing technique, a communication line is divided into a short time based on a certain amount of time. For (Time Division Multiplexer) multiple transmitters are assigned alternately.
(299) Data concentrator :- The data concentrator device stores the slow-received data from the transmitter in its storage location and then simultaneously releases it into the high-speed communication line. In this way, maximum utilization of the high speed communication line is made.
(300) Modem :- A modem is a device that converts an analog signal into a digital form andCan convert signal into analog form. telephone line computer To connect as a communication line to the computer, it is necessary to have a modem in the computer.
(301) Fibre Optics :- A physical communication medium that converts signals into light waves and transmits them at the speed of light. Its data transmission rate is extremely fast. It is made of many fine wires of glass or plastic. Fine stars are called fibres.
(302) Computer Network :- a type of data transmission system in which two or more computers communicate with each other are connected by lines (of any type) and can exchange data with each other and share resources.
(303) Network Protocols :- Protocol is a set of rules and methods that determine how a computer/terminal of a network will communicate and exchange data. Some of the main public, widely accepted protocols are TCP/IP and OSI.
(304) Network Node :- Every computer/terminal/device, etc., connected to a computer network is called a node.
(305) IP Address :- Each node connected to the network has an IP address by which it is identified and can be accessed. The IP address is created by joining four numbers with a dot. The value of each number is between 0 to 255, eg - 150, 250, 12.61
(306) System Name :- A name can also be placed relative to the IP address, which is easy to remember, such as Himalaya, this name is called the system name. Computers on the network can also be identified by the system name.
(307) Network Topology :- Nodes can be connected to the network in many ways i.e. the network can be designed in many ways. The methods of designing networks are known as topologies. Some of the basic computer topologies are ring topology, bus topology, tree topology, star topology, pi-to-point topology, etc.
(308) Hub :- The powerful main node of the network is called hub. One Hub to Multiple Network Nodes Stays connected by direct communication lines and exchanges data.
(309) LAN (Local Area Network) :- Local Area Networks in a compact LAN with a maximum spread of about 3 km There is a widespread computer network in the area. In this data is transmitted at a very high speed. For this, communication media such as coaxial only, fiber optical cable, are used.
(310) MAN (Metropolition Area Network) :- Metropolitan Area Network abbreviated MAN is called a network whose spread area is the same as that of a large city. For this, communication media like coaxial cable, fiber optical cable, microwave circuit are used. Multiple LAN networks can be joined together to form a MAN network.
(311) WAN (Wide Area Network) :- Wide Area Network In short, WAN is called such a network. whose spread From a few cities to the whole world can come in the region. to multiple MAN networks By connecting it can be given the form of a WAN network. in its media Satellites, telephone lines, microwave circuits, etc. come collectively. like Internet.
(312) Internet :- A worldwide computer network made up of interconnecting networks of many different sizes.
(313) Server :- A node (computer) of a computer network that provides some kind of facility (data/information, resources, etc.) to other nodes is called a server. Example- Data Base Server, Web Server, FTP Server, E-mail Server, etc.
(314) Clint :- Computers connected to a computer network, which get some kind of service / facility / support from the 'server' computer, are called 'client'. For example, the computer kept at your disposal, which is viewing a website on the Internet, is the client and the computer on which the website is stored is the server.
(315) ISP :- An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that provides Internet access to a consumer. The telephone acts as a communication line between the ISP server and the client computer at places such as homes, shops, etc. Example- VSNL, AOL, Compuserve, UKonline, etc.
(316) Internet Society :- International organization created in 1969 for the maintenance and arrangement of the Internet. It is a non-profit organization, which has laid down rules, policies and protocols for the use of the Internet.
(317) Backbon :- A system of strong and high-speed communication lines built to interconnect the networks of large ISP companies that can transmit large amounts of data quickly and efficiently. For this, communication media such as fiber optics, microwave circuits or artificial satellites are used.
(318) NAP :- A network access point, abbreviated NAP, is a location where two or more Larger networks establish links among themselves. Data is transmitted from one network to another network through NAP.
(319) Router :- Multiple communications for data transmission from one node to another node in a computer network There can be routes. 'Routers' are computers of specialist use in the network that determine the communication route for data transmission.
(320) W.W.W :- The World Wide Web (WWW), also abbreviated as the Web, is the main application of the Internet. Through this, the information stored in various servers on the Internet can be viewed and accessed on the client computer in the form of web pages. WWW is a distributed information system based on hypertext technology. In which the information is distributed in many servers and through links are interconnected.
(321) Hypertext :- Techniques for data presentation in www system. Through this technique, information is presented in the form of a document, which is called a web page or hypertext page.
(322) HTML :- Hypertext Mark Up Language is a programming language in abbreviated HTML that Web pages or hypertext pages are created by HTML.
(323) Website :- A website is a group of interconnected web pages. A website contains information related to a field/person/institution, etc., which are distributed in many of its web pages. The website can be accessed by its URL.
(324) Web Browser :- A web browser is a software program that accesses information available on the Internet.Access and organize them into web pages and display them on the client computer screen does. For this, the user just tells it the URL and the web browser tells that URL. WAVE BROWSER Stores the file on the screen as a web page at the location (receipt location) mentioned in For example, Google Chrome, Mosilla Fire Fox, Explorer.
(325) Search Engine :- Search engines are software programs that search for the information you need from the unlimited amount of information available on the Internet. some topic on the internet By searching the URLs and links of all the web pages of the information related to the particular, they list them and present them to you, by selecting any of them, only that You can access his web page by clicking on it. Like Google.
(326) Wave Surfing :- Web surfing is the act of searching, accessing, searching the web sites/web pages available on the internet by following the links given in them. Is. It is also called web browsing.
(327) http :- 'http' is a protocol, whose full name is 'Hypertext Transfer Protocol'. This protocol for the presentation and transmission of data using hypertext technology is followed. Under www system, server and client transmit data according to this protocol.
(328) FTP :- File Transfer Protocol is a network application in which two computers transfer files according to the client-server arrangement. In an FTP application, the server transfers a copy of the file requested by the client.
(329) Talnet :- 'Telnet' is a network application through which a computer on the network Can do processing on any other computer by logging on to it. Example Can do processing on any other computer by logging on to it. For example, it can create new files on it, change or destroy files, execute its programs, give commands to it, etc.
(330) E-mail :- A network application by which one computer user can exchange messages/letters/files/documents, etc., with another computer user. In today's era, e-table is a popular means of establishing interconnection, then it is cheaper than telephone and faster than postal system.
(331) E-mail id :- Each e-table user has an e-mail address from which e-mail can be sent to him. E-mail goes to the account of the same user whose ID is on the e-mail is written.
(332) C program language :- C is a structured programming language, with the help of this programmable language System software or application software are designed for this. This language was developed in 1972 by scientist Denisrichi in Bell Laboratory.
(333) C library function :- The C compiler comes with pre-built functions, which are used for programming. Programmers can use these functions by calling them directly in their program, without the need to write separate code for them. These functions are called C library functions, such as sin(d). strcpy(s1,2), printf, scanf, etc.
(334) header file :- The files in which library functions are compiled are called header files. C. Many header files come with the compiler. Functions of the same class are kept in each file, e.g. math.h contains mathematical functions. of header files extension occurs. Example- stdio.h math.h, string.h, etc.
(335) C standard library :- Collecting library functions/header files that come with the C compiler . Collecting library functions/header files that come with the C compiler C standard library C is known as standard library. Every library function is a part of standard library function.
(336) Pre processor statement or Directive :- Pre-processor statements are the statements of the compiler. Compiler them first processes. They are processed before compiling the Khot file.
(337) #include :- A directive that associates a header file with your source program. Example
#include
(338) #define :- A type directive that assigns a name to a constant value.
Example- #define Zero 0 After that we can write in our program
Like- Zero+10;
(339) Variable :- Variable means- 'Variable' is used in a variable program to hold a data item of the variable type. In fact, a variable is a name given to a storage location. In which it can store any data item of type, e.g. if Number is an integer type variable. So we can store any integer in it. Number = 10 Number 55+22; The value of a variable can be changed in the program.
(340) Definition of variable:- Before a variable can be used in a program, it is necessary to define it.
The name, type and size of the variable are defined in the variable definition. Example-
-int num, x,y,a,ar;
floatavg, per;
char name, gen;
Flow chart of Variable
(341) function :- A 'C' program can be written by dividing it into several blocks or blocks. We also call these sections as modules. Modules in 'C' programs are referred to as 'functions', a 'C' program can have one or more functions. One function can be used by calling another function.
(42) Main function :- It is a main and essential function of 'C' program. This is the function that The execution of the program starts with the first statement. Its syntax is like this is
main() {
Statements
}
(343) Optional function :- In a 'C' program, except the main ( ) function, all other functions present are optional. These functions can be called by other functions. No other function can call main() . Their syntax is as follows: type function name (parameters)
{ Statements
}
(344) Function prototype :- It is necessary to write several prototypes in the program before using the optional function. Function name, type and parameter by function prototype and their types are declared
Syntax- type function name (type arg1. type arg2.....);
Example- Cint addition (int x, int 7);
(345) Function parameters and arguments :- Parameters of a function are variables to which data values are passed from the function calling that function. The data values being passed to the function are called 'arguments'.
eg aaddition(k.j); (function call)
int addition (int x, inty)
...... int addition (int x, int y)
{
statement
}
Here the values of K and J are being passed to the parameters x and y respectively. If K = 5, J = 10, then 5 and 10 will be called arguments.
(346) Statement :- Such instructions of the 'C' program, which tell the computer to take some important action, are called statements. Example- xy+c/d;
scanf("%d", &x);
The statement ends with ','. The statements in a function are written inside the function{}.
(347) Code-comment :- the clarity of the program written inside the function {} and for the convenience of the programmer, comments are written in the program, that display information in the program. These can be written anywhere in the program Is. The compiler does not compile them. Syntax of code comment of 'C' language.
It is as follows- /*comments*/
(348) case-sensitive programming language :- A programming language that understands the difference between large case (X,Y,Z.....) and small case (x.y.z.....) of the alphabet is called case sensitive. In such language program you cannot convert x to x or y to y otherwise compiler error input library function Will give 'C' is also a case sensitive language.
(349) Input library function :- Functions of the 'C' standard library that read typed data from a standard input device. There are input library functions - scanf(), getchar(), gets() are such functions.
(350) Output library function :- Functions of the 'C' standard library that are installed on the standard output device (monitor) Display the output data. Output library functions are - printf(_). putchar(). puts() is one such function.
(351) getchar() :- A 'C' library input function that reads a character typed from the keyboard.
Use variable=getchar();
(352) putchar() :- A 'C' library output function that outputs a character to the screen.
use-putchar(variable);
(353) gets() :- A 'C' library input function that reads a line typed from the keyboard.
Usage- get(array);
(354) puts() :- A 'C' library output function that converts a range of characters i.e. a line to the screen Displays as output.
use- puts(array);
(355) scanf() :- A 'C' standard library input function that generates data items of various shapefiles.Can read (typed with keyboard). Usage- scanf("%f%c", &a, &b, &c);
(356) printf :- A 'C' standard library output function that can display different shapefile data items in different formats on the screen.Usage - printf ( %d%f%c", a,b,c);
(357) Control statement :- Such statements of 'C' language which can control and change the direction of control flow in the program are called control statements.
eg- if-else, while, do-while, for. break, continue, switch, goto.
(358) Branching :- When such a condition comes to a statement in the 'C'program that it has to proceed from there, If there is more than one path, such a situation is called branching.There are branching control statements to deal with the situation, such as if else, switch.
(359) looping :- There are branching control statements to deal with the situation, such as if else, switch. When a group of statements or a statement is executed repeatedly in a program 'C', then such a condition is called looping. while, do while and for looping statement
(360) jumping :- The action of transferring the control of the program from one statement without any condition to another statement which is not in sequence is called jumping action. goto Statement performs the jumping action.
(361) if else statement :- The if else is the branching statement.
if (condition) statement1;
else statement2:
statement1 and statement2 are two possible values.
If condition is true then control goes to statement1 otherwise goes to statement2.
(362) switch statement :- switch is a branching statement.
switch (expression)
{ case value1:
statement;
case value2:
statement2;
.....
.....
case valen:
statement;
default:
statement+1;
}
Here value 1, value 2, valuen are the possible values of the given expression.Whatever value of expression is obtained. The control is transferred to the case of the same value and executes the write statement below it. switch is used to deal with multi-way branching. If none of the values match, the option's statement in default is executed.
(363) while statement :- The while statement performs the looping action.
while (condition) statement :
As long as the condition remains true, the statement is executed over and over again.Each time the condition is checked before executing the statement. Whenever the condition is false, the control exits the loop.
(364) do-while statement :- The do while statement is a looping statement.
do statement while (condition);
It also executes the statement repeatedly like white until the condition is true and if it is false it comes out of the control loop and proceeds. In do while the condition is checked after the execution of the statement.
(365) for statement :- The for statement is a looping statement.
for (assignment; condition; expression) statement
Here the assignment is the statement setting the initial value of the variable in the loop. condition is a logical condition that, if true, is executed repeatedly. expression is an expression designed to increase or decrease the value of a variable.
example- for (i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("%d",i);
In the for statement, the condition is checked before the execution of the statement.
(366) goto statement :- The goto statement is a jumping statement.
Diagram of goto statement
In the program, when the control reaches the goto statement, it is transferred from there to the label] name instead of proceeding directly and proceeds by executing statement1.
(367) break statement :- Control can be interrupted from a branching or looping statement by using the break statement.
Diagram of break statement
(368) continue statement :- The continue statement is used in a looping statement. It loops the control Arrives where the loop condition is checked.
(369) caller function :- The function which is executing by calling another function is called the caller of that function. It is also called calling function.
(370) Function definition :- In the definition of the function, the code statement of the function, the name of the function, the parameters and the return data type are written, it has two parts. The first line of the definition is called the function header, in which the type of data value being returned by the function, the name of the function and the parameters are written. The part below it is called the function body, in which the statement of the function is written.
Diagram of Function
(371) return type function :- A function can return a data value to its caller program. that data value The data type (int, float, char, etc.) is the return type of the function, which is required to be written in the function definition and function prototype.
(372) function call :- Calling a function using its name to be executed at some place in another function / program is called function call, such as ch=getchar() in a program; The function called getchart is called in the statement.
(373) Parameters :- Parameters are called variables that are passing a data value to a function or to which a function passes a data value. Parameters are declared in the parameter list of the function's header. Parameters in the caller program are written in the function's call statement.
(374) formal parameter :- Parameters written in the definition of a function are called formal parameters of that function.
int fun1 (int a, int b) (here int a, int b, is a formal parameter) {
statement
}
(375) Actual Parameter :- Parameters written in a function call statement are called actual parameters. These are the same as the formal parameters of the function being called in number, type and order. Their value is passed in the relative formal parameter when calling the function.
sum=fun(x.y); (here fun and x,y is a actual parameter)
(376) Argument :- The data values being passed to the formal parameter are called arguments.
x=10; y=15;
Diagram of Argument
(Here are the 10 and 15 arguments.)(377) Local Variable :- The variables and parameters declared in the definition of a function are called its local variables. They are called local variables because they can be accessed only in the same function definition and not in any other function outside it. The variables of the auto storage class are also local variables.
(378) function call by value :- When data values of actual parameters are passed to a function while calling it, then such function call is called call by value. Any change in those data values inside the function being called in this method does not take effect outside the function i.e. the values of the actual parameter will remain the same. Example- fun1(2,3); fun2(x.y);
(379) Function call by reference :- It is also called 'call' by 'address'. While calling the function with this method, instead of the value of the actual parameter, the address of the actual parameter is passed, due to which there is a change in the value stored on that address as a result of the action performed inside the called function i.e. the actual function of the caller function.The values of the parameters are changed. Example- fun1 (&x,&y);
(380) Command line argument / parameter :- The values of the parameters are changed. Example- fun1 (&x,&y); Parameter arguments can be passed from the operating system to the main() function of 'C' programs, which are called command line parameters. These can be passed while running the program by writing along with the name of the program. main() has two formal command line parameters. arge This is an int, which contains the number of elements being passed. argv[ ] This is an array of string pointer type with a parameter stored at one location (except for *argv[0] ).
(381) Automatic Variables :- The variables of the auto storage class are called automatic variables. Their scope in the program is limited only to the function in which they are declared. Local variables and formal parameters of a function are auto variables.
(382) External Variables :- Variables in the extern storage class are external variables. inside the function Declared by using the extern keyword.
..................
intx; external variable
main()
{
............
............
}
(383) Array :- An element 'C' which is a set of multiple data storage locations. A data item can be stored independently in each of its locations. The array is known as an identifier. An array can store only one type of data item.
(384) Array Element :- A location of an array is called its array element. An array element can be accessed and processed just like a variable. The array element can be accessed by the name of the array and its index numberin the index number of the th array element is -1. If x is an array then its n and array elements can be accessed from x[n-1] .
(385) 1-Dimensional Array :- 1- Dimensional array has only one row of many columns. this many arrays is a sorted row whose each array element is separated by only one index digit.
Diagram of 1-Dimensional Array
(386) 2-Dimensional Array :- 2- Dimensional array consists of more than one row of multiple columns. It is in the form of a table made up of rows and columns, each of which is accessed by two index numbers (of the first row of the second column).
Diagram of 2-Dimensional Array
(387) Searching :- Searching is the process of searching specific data from a data set. The process of searching starts from the beginning or end index of the data set and continues till the particular data is retrieved. There are two types of searching techniques
1- sequential search
2- Binary Search.
(388) Sorting :- The process of arranging a group of data in a sequence is called sorting. The data sets are arranged in ascending or descending order. By programmatic, the data can be arranged in a sequence by the following technique.
1- Selection sort
2- Insertion sort
3- Bubble sort.
(389) string.h :- sort A 'C' standard library header file containing library functions related to string processing.
(390) strien(s) :- A 'C' standard library function that returns the total number of characters in a string.
(391) strcpy(s1,s2,) :- A 'C' standard library function that copies the S2, string to the S1, string.
(392) strcat(s1,s2,) :- A 'C' standard library function that appends a string to the end of a string.
(393) strcmp(s1,s2,) :- A 'C' standard library function that returns s1 and s2 based on the dictionary order of the string Compares and returns the following value
0-s1,s2, are equal.
>0-s1 is greater than s2.
< 0-s1 is smaller than s2.
(394) 'C' File Function :- Files are used to store values permanently in the C programming language. Functions are used to store data in a file or to receive data. The major functions used in C file are as follows-
fprintf(), fscanf(), fclose(), fseek(), feof().
